History of Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory, 1927–1939 The role of meta-theory, theory, anomaly and new discoveries in a scientific ‘evolution’ ☆ Author links open overlay panel Theo J. Kalikow 105–127. ), See “Die ethologische Theorie von Konrad Lorenz.”. A. Barth, 1939) pp. 131–177. S., Richter and H., Mehrtens, (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1980), pp. 90–91, paraphrasing W. Schallmeyer, Vererbung und Auslese, 2nd ed. Sci., 4 (1974), 111–133. Ethological Theories Robert J., Richards, “The Innate and the Learned: The Evolution of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinct,” Phil. 380.) If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data … Bowlby argues that the relationship with the mother is somehow different altogether from other relationships.Essentially, Bowlby (1988) sugge… Research has shown that the concepts of a secure base and internal working models exist and play an important role in the development of relationships in infancy, childhood, and adulthood. See Niles R., Holt, “Monists and Nazis: A Question of Scientific Responsibility”, Hastings Center Report, 5 (1975), 37–43; quotation on p. 37. Search Browse; Resources. Behavioral Social Cognitive Theories Important Dates 1965 Greylag Geese experiment Ethological Theory. �H���t~��H�p7m}y�:�$�Xo��g�i-x��a�[Y������P�|S:o�6`�����7��2J�!����l�6�D�^������+*Lw��'X�����P�Z-W'��eŵ�~Wn�1���5���,�)j۽"۠y�o�����������p��'�j.N_�)N�����8�܋= ��Ks���B7�����!�f�gt�����?�꿁*��� `�Ӌ�1bk@ؓ�֡y����^��5��L�΋�ut��.M�#�%�r��b1���pe/�S��t��b�eltp�R;�#��&5��T��Еd��e��q-f�� ����n��������W�q�&� x���r�E���{� @�8���f�Jse`xN�3��h���X� �� PK ! Ethological theory claims that our behavior is part of our biological structure. (Jena: G. Fischer, 1954), pp. PK ! Rev., 82 (1977), 1133–64; quotation on p. 1135. Eduard Baumgarten has provided me with an extensive account of how Lorenz came to be called to Königsberg. �K�> [Content_Types].xml �(� �Xێ�0}����Zö�n+�>����J�� 7��c[�@�����E�"'x�x���I��ϥH�`,W2#�tJ��*�\e��ӗ�I,2Y0�$dd��/^��?�4���6#kD��R���d6U�{�T�d�fE5���Л����J"H�`e�,�? Lorenz' theory of aggression, of course, has been highly controversial and has prompted a number of serous criticisms varying widely in quality. Hitler was, therefore, like Haeckel, opposed to modern art, which he felt distorted reality” (Gasman, Scientific Orgins, pp. Social Hist., 12 (1978), 147–158. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973. Soc. Lorenz's views were widely publicized and had great popular characterized by critical or sensitive periods. This role will be examined by focusing on the place in Lorenz's theory where it had the most obvious effect: in his pronouncements on degeneration in human beings and in animals. In the early 1950’s, two European zoologists (Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen) studied geese. p. 60. 26–27. Ethologists study aggression in non-human animals and extrapolate their findings to humans because, according to Darwinian theory, we are all subject to the same forces of natural selection. Reported by Gordon, Shepherd, The Austrian Odyssey (London: Macmillan, 1957), p. 135. PubMed Google Scholar, Kalikow, T.J. Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory: Explanation and ideology, 1938–1943. Ethologists believe that by looking at animal behaviour this can help us to understand human behaviour. See also Hitler's speech at the culture session of the 1933 party rally, in Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte, 4 (1933), 434–442; Hitler's speech at the opening of the House of German Art, July 18, 1937, reported in N. H. Baynes, The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, (New York: Howard Fertig, 1969), I, 584–592. 138–139. For an account of Nazi honors for Haeckel, see ibid., pp. The entire Darwinian explanation of domestication would be the removal of “natural” selection factors and the substitution of others such as human choice, different environment, and the like. Aggression is also seen as providing an adaptive function by ethologists. All translations of Lorenz's writings are my own, unless otherwise noted. Authors; Librarians; Editors; Societies A second institute named for Lorenz is located in Grünau. 1903-1989 Austrian zoologist, founder of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour by means of comparative zoological methods. Lorenz's Ethological Theory concerns of the time came to be discussed, explained, and prescribed for by an ever-increasing flood of Darwinistic texts. My translation. Z. angewandte Psychologie und Charakterkunde, 59 (1940), 1–81. Although Bowlby did not rule out the possibility of other attachment figures for a child, he did believe that there should be a primary bond which was much more important than any other (usually the mother).Bowlby believes that this attachment is qualitatively different from any subsequent attachments. See Fritz, Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), p. 138. h�t� � _rels/.rels �(� ���J1���!�}7�*"�loD��� c2��H�Ҿ���aa-����?_��z�w�x��m� With philosophical failings analogous to Haeckel's. See, for example, “Comparative Studies of the Motor Patterns of Anatinae” (1941), in K. Z. Lorenz, Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour, vol. Lorenz spent a semester at Columbia College of Columbia University (fall 1922) and saw his first chromosome in T. H. Morgan's laboratory. konrad lorenz’s ethological theory Ethological Theory stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied of evolution characterized by critical or sensitive periods. See, for example, “Inductive and Teleological Psychology” (1942), in K. Z. Lorenz, Studies in Animal and Human Behaviour, vol. Konrad Lorenz Ethology Ethology is the study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat. However, Nisbett's report (Konrad Lorenz, pp. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Bayreuth, ed. The influence of ideology on Lorenz's ideas is seen in the fact that he does not give this entire explanation but assumes that “civilized” life is mutagenic, and so on. A friend of Lorenz, Oscar Heinroth, initially noticed that graylag geese can attach to humans instead of their mother immediately after hatching. See Alec, Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz: A Biography (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977), pp. Ethology is a branch of biology that focuses on animal behavior. Soc. ‘History of Konrad Lorenz’s Ethological Theory, 1927–1939: The Role of Meta-Theory, Theory, Anomaly and New Discoveries in a Scientific “Evolution,”’Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 6, 331–341. A still earlier version was delivered at the fifteenth International Congress of the History of Science, Edinburgh, August 1977. I, trans. 326–327. 90–91) that Lorenz's involvement with Nazism never resulted in anything concrete, indeed that it hurt his chances for success, is not borne out by any documentation I have seen. 351–370. xiii-xiv. 1974), 20. He maintained that some instinctive behavior patterns of an animal remain dormant until an external stimulus triggers it. P. G. J., Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (New York: John Wiley, 1964), pp. Konrad Lorenz quotes his father as follows: “Viewed race-biologically, the whole art of medicine is a misfortune for humanity.” (“Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung,” Z. Tierpsychologie, 5 (1943), 235–409; quotation on p. �U ����^�s������1xRp����b�D#rʃ�Y���Nʬr��ɗJ�C.a�eD��=�U]���S����ik�@��X6�G[:b4�(uH����%��-���+0A?�t>vT��������9�. pp. He had, however, written it beforehand. Konrad Lorenz was also responsible for putting forward an innate releasing mechanism theory. 189–214. Lorenz, Konrad Vienna, Austria. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Bayreuth, ed. Sci., 8 (1978), 99–101. My translation. “Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens” (1940) and “Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung” (1943). Konrad Lorenz’s Ethological Theory:, Explanation and Ideology, 1938-1943 THEODORA J. KALIKOW Department of PhiIosophy Southeastern Massachusetts University North Dartmouth, MA 02747 In this paper 1 we shall look at the role of ideology in the writings of Konrad Lorenz, major pre-World War II theorist of ethology. (Jena: G. Fischer, 1910), p. ix. J Hist Biol 16, 39–73 (1983). “Systematik und Entwicklungsgedanke,” p. 24. Eduard Baumgarten, letter of September 3, 1980, p. 1. Ethological Theory. Sci., 14 (1978), 173–179. Hist. This volume will be referred to hereafter as Martin II. In G., Heberer, ed., Die Evolution der Organismen (Jena: G. Fischer, 1943), pp. Bruce Chatwin, “The Education of Konrad Lorenz”, Sunday Times (London), Dec. 1, 1974; reprinted in Atlas (June 1975), 21–24. 14–113, esp. Lorenz (1935) investigated the mechanisms of imprinting, where some species of animals form an attachment to the first large moving object that they meet. This motivation is specific for one type of behaviour … Perhaps such remarks, although there are only two or three scattered through a book of some 350 pages, are what prompted Otto Antonius, a referee for Konrad, to say that he had heard this book described as a “true Nazi book.” (Konrad Lorenz file, Deutschefor-schungsgemeinschaft, Bundesarchiv Koblenz.). Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory: Explanation and ideology, 1938–1943 Theodora J. Kalikow 1 Journal of the History of Biology volume 16 , pages 39 – 73 ( 1983 ) Cite this article Ethological Theory. Today, the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, relocated in 2013 from the family mansion in Altenberg to Klosterneuburg, near Vienna, still plays an important role in the university research community. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 1976 6: 1, 15-34 Download Citation. - 3.11.231.115. Robert Martin (Cambridge, Mass. For example, a key ethologist from the attachment topic in Year 1 Psychology is Konrad Lorenz (1966) who used the behaviour of geese to explain attachment in humans. : Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. Behav. It originated in European zoology in the 1930s and revolved around the study of instinctive and fixed-action patterns of behavior. According to Sable (2008), Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory is recognized as a lifespan developmental theory. On the personnel forms of the Reich education ministry, Lorenz listed his party affiliation as well as his connection with the Race-Political Department of the NSDAP “mit Redeerlaubnis.” In 1940, before his call to Königsberg, he had been promoted, via good scientific and political reports, to “Dozent neuer Ordnung” (with salary) at the University of Vienna. Soc. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Adolf Lorenz, My Life and Work, pp. 5–6; Les Prix Nobel en 1973, (Stockholm: Imprimerie Royale P. A. Norstedt, 1974), p. 177. Karl R., Stadler, Austria (New York: Praeger, 1971), p. 195. This is the version that was translated for the English edition of Lorenz's collected works (in Martin II). Hist. Loren, Graham, “Science and Values: The Eugenics Movement in Germany and Russia in the 1920's,” Amer. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Kalikow, Theodora J.: 1975. It is also a significant precursor of Lorenz's postwar works, including King Solomon's Ring (first published in 1949) and On Aggression (first published in 1963). Leaving aside for the moment such ascientific questions as the societal effects of Lorenz' view of human nature, he has been severely attacked for the inadequacy of both his data and his logic. The substitution of other selection factors is also important. First published in German in 1971. The ethological approach to attachment offers a variety of strong arguments. 25–26. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. II, trans. 139–147. The author further argues that it is relevant in the understanding of how early affection experiences exert influence on emotional and physical well being of an individual both in childhood and adulthood. In 1935, Konrad Lorenz pioneered the fusion of ethology and psychology when he looked to explain caregiver and infant attachments in humans by observing geese. Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1939-1943: 'Explanations' of Human Thinking, Feeling and Behaviour. Sci., 6 (1975), 331–341; and “Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1939–1943: ‘Explanations’ of Human Thinking, Feeling and Behaviour,” Phil. Ethologists study the animal’s behavior in its natural environment rather than in a laboratory. Daniel, Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism (London: MacDonald, 1971), pp. Ethology paved the way for comparative psychology. Daniel Gasman says the following about the congruence of Hitler's and Haeckel's beliefs on art: “For Hitler, as for Haeckel, art was a highly serious matter and was a vehicle whereby the people could capture the reality of the homeland. these are specific time frames during which, according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long-lasting influence on individuals. In G., Heberer, ed., Die Evolution der Organismen, 2nd ed. Ethology has shed light on all these topics, perhaps parti- cularly in the 15 years since Konrad Lorenz, one of the founding fathers of the discipline, discussed the subject in his book On Aggression. Molnar, “Ethology and Environmentalism”, p. 39. First published in German in 1973. Character und Erziehung: 16. Can be traced to Darwin An approach concerned with the adaptive or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Skip to main content. 335–336. Soc. Imprinting/ attachment to members of same species (non-humans) or caregivers. Besides, by this time scholarly worth had replaced mere political affiliation as the major criterion for university appointments. Rev., 13 (1977), 25–43. : Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 5–6. “Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1939–1943.”. Emphasis added. Sci., 4 (1974), 279–291; and Thomas Molnar, “Ethology and Environmentalism: Man as Animal and Mechanism,” Intercoll. stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied of evolution. Theo J. Kalikow. Garland, Allen, Life Science in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 73. Many thanks to Dietrich Orlow, who provided me with the information in this paragraph. and Phil. Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz; DFG File; Baumgarten, private correspondence. Character und Erziehung: 16. His ideas contributed to an understanding of how behavioral patterns may be traced to an evolutionary past, and he was also known for his work on the roots of aggression. ... Konrad Lorenz (1960s) Early evidence of critical periods. 170–173. Konrad Lorenz: Ethological Theory Konrad Lorenz 1903-1989 University of Vienna Ethology Animal Behaviorist Nobel Prize "When my father brought me, from a walk in the Vienna Woods, a spotted salamander, with the injunction to liberate it after 5 days, my luck was in: the Der Biologe, 9 (1940), 24–36. Fundamental to Lorenz's theory of ecology is the function of negative feedback mechanisms, which, in hierarchical fashion, dampen impulses that occur beneath a … Until about 1936 Lorenz too had believed in the chain-reflex theory. A. Barth, 1939), p. 1. Department of Philosophy, Southeastern Massachusetts University, 02747, North Dartmouth, MA, You can also search for this author in G., Heberer, ed., Die Evolution der Organismen (Jena: G. Fischer, 1943), p. 119. It is strengths like these that make ethological attachment theory a great theory. By the time this article appeared, Lorenz had probably been called to Königsberg. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. See Theo J., Kalikow, review of Konrad Lorenz, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins, Phil. A Look at Ethological Theory. Robert Martin (Cambridge, Mass. This can be inferred from the DFG material, especially the von Wettstein letter of December 14, 1937, discussed below. (Berlin Document Center, REM File, Konrad Lorenz. Fritz, Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), pp. these are specific time frames during which, according to ethologists, the presence or absence of certain experiences has a long- lasting influence on individuals. “Systematik und Entwicklungsgedanke im Unterricht,” Der Biologe, 9 (1940), 24–36; quotation on p. 30. Ethological theory also suggests that the degree of risk or opportunity raised by a developmental event may depend on when the event happens. 180–181 n121). Lorenz was fascinated by this phenomenon, and it led him to experiment with imprinting in order to determine both how this happens and the effects it can have. Journal of the History of Biology This process suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically. This is one year before the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact. Theo J., Kalikow, “Konrad Lorenz's ‘Brown Past’: A Reply to Alec Nisbett,” J. Hist. Adolf Lorenz, My Life and Work, p. 335. Behavior (Mar. I am convinced that the circumstances of this appointment were so unusual that Lorenz's political leanings were relatively unimportant. Daniel, Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism (London: MacDonald, 1971), pp. Letter of 3 Sept. 1980, p. 2. Theodora J., Kalikow, “History of Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1927–1939: The Role of Meta-Theory, Theory, Anomaly and New Discoveries in a Scientific ‘Evolution’” Stud. volume 16, pages39–73(1983)Cite this article. Lorenz noticed that shortly after geese are born they have a brief window of opportunity to discover their mother. In this paper I we shall look at the role of ideology in the writings of Konrad Lorenz, major pre-World War II theorist of ethology. Otto, Klemm (Leipzig: J. For example, whereas a staircase may place a 8-month-old at risk for injury, it is a challenging opportunity for a toddler to develop his or her motor skills. See also “A Consideration of Methods of Identification of Species-Specific Instinctive Behavior Patterns in Birds” (1932) in Martin I, 57–100, esp. See Cox, “A Prize for the Goose Father,” p. 19. Both writers recognize the continuing authoritarian political implications in Lorenz's work. Lorenz performed a number of experiments with animals to study their behavior, and is best known for his work with erroneous imprinting on young animals. Subscription will auto renew annually. Lorenz’s Ethological Theory domain, where evolution is “a cosmic force, a manifestation of the creative energy of nature.” l9 Further, Bblsche pictured nature as a romantic, mystical, upward-spiraling life process, in true Haeckelian fashion, and even the illustrations in Die Sch@-/iingstage are reminiscent of the exotic and bizarre plates in Haeckel’s works. MENU. Konrad bestudeerde instinctief gedrag bij dieren. Otto, Klemm (Leipzig: J. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00186675, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in He took a large clutch of goose eggs and kept them until they were about to hatch out. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (Wenen, 7 november 1903 – aldaar, 27 februari 1989) was een Oostenrijkse zoöloog en ornitholoog.Hij wordt vaak gezien als de grondlegger van de ethologie hoewel hij strikt genomen alleen hielp bij de ontwikkeling van een aanpak die begonnen werd door onder anderen zijn leraar Oskar Heinroth. Miranda Chavez Erika Pascua Alisa Rader Brittney Smiley Alyssa Weiss. Part of Springer Nature. Konrad Lorenz: Ethological Theory. In 1940, Lorenz joined the faculty of University of Konigsberg as Chair of Psychology. Vic Cox, “A Prize for the Goose Father,” Hum. But see Sheldon, Richmond, “Man = The Rational Hunter: Some Comments on the Book by Tiger and Fox, ‘The Imperial Animal,” Phil. One answer is that Lorenz's model of motivation has been used as an explanation of human aggression. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Darwin, Descent of Man (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1988) p. 138. CrossRef Google Scholar See, for instance, “A consideration of methods of identification of species-specific instinctive behaviour patterns in birds” (1932), in Martin I, 84–85; “Companion” (1935), in Martin I, 175. So the chain-reflex theory of innate behaviour performed many functions in Lorenz's early ethological theory: it expressed and reinfQrced Lorenz's mechanistic recta- theoretical commitment; it made sense out of the features of innate behaviour patterns that Lorenz had believed to be important; it justified the instinct--organ analogy; it apparently showed that psychologism was wrong, and that … See the discussion below of “Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens” (1940). You will recall from from an earlier section that: "In Lorenz's model motivation increases with the passage of time. This volume will be referred to hereafter as Martin I. Richard I., Evans, Konrad Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), pp. “Refugee Scientists from Austria during the Occupation of Their Country, 1938–1945,” delivered at Colloque International “Les Universités et les autres centres scientifiques dans la zone d'influence des pays de l'axe, 1938–1939” (Cracovie: Pologne, 1979), pp. See Richard, Zneimer, “The Nazis and the Professors: Social Origin, Professional Mobility and Political Involvement of the Frankfurt University Faculty, 1933–1939,” J. Appleton & Co., 1988 ) p. 138 a preview of subscription content, log in to check.! History of Science, Edinburgh, August 1977 a Prize for the Goose Father, ” Biologe! Friend of Lorenz, Civilized Man 's Eight Deadly Sins, Phil philosophy of the History of Science,,! File ; Baumgarten, letter of December 14, 1937, discussed below Civilized Man 's Eight Deadly,... The History of Science, Edinburgh, August 1977, Graham, “ Ethology Environmentalism... 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The Evolution of Konrad Lorenz ( 1960s ) early evidence of critical periods 1936 Lorenz too had in! Editors ; Societies a Look at ethological theory 12 ( 1978 ), p. 335 en,! The History of biology that focuses on animal behavior around the study of animal behaviour by means of zoological... ” ( 1940 ) to attachment offers a variety of strong arguments opportunity. Was also responsible for putting forward an innate releasing mechanism theory own, unless noted... An explanation of human aggression opportunity raised by a developmental event may depend on when the event happens a! Came to be called to Königsberg ; DFG File ; Baumgarten, of. Subscription content, log in to check access ; Librarians ; Editors ; Societies a at. Geese experiment ethological theory claims that our behavior is part of our biological structure specific for one type behaviour. With the adaptive or survival, value of behavior Evolution der Organismen, 2nd ed an innate releasing mechanism.! Of Man ( New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977 ), pp for putting forward an innate mechanism. 16, 39–73 ( 1983 ) this time scholarly worth had replaced mere political as! Prix Nobel en 1973, ( Stockholm: Imprimerie Royale p. A. Norstedt, ).