Nurs. Tulpule, T. H., and Tulpule, A. T. (1980). HHS Complement Med. Coll. suggested that a 6-week CR exercise program with an intensity of 60–85% heart rate reserve improved cardiopulmonary function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (Kim et al., 2016). Improved exercise tolerance and quality of life with cardiac rehabilitation of older patients after myocardial infarction: results of a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). Fiz. Rehabil. Cardiol. Currently, multiple therapy options, including thrombolytic drugs, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass grafting, are available to treat acute MI in clinic (Kahn et al., 1993; Sorensen and Maeng, 2015; Lhermusier et al., 2019; Song et al., 2019). The replacement of viable myocardium with scar leads to reduced LV compliance. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90357-1, Wisloff, U., Nilsen, T. I., Droyvold, W. B., Morkved, S., Slordahl, S. A., and Vatten, L. J. (2018). Cardiac function, a 6-minute walk distance, exercise time and steps, cardiovascular risk factors were monitored respectively and compared before and after the intervention of 2 groups. Artery Dis. Comparison of the effects of cardiac rehabilitation between obese and non-obese patients after acute myocardial infarction. Aims: Phase-1 Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) is an important part in the treatment of patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). As MI is a life threatening event it is hardly surprising that it often causes distress and impairment of quality of life for patients and their relatives, especially partners. Cardiac rehabilitation benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant left ventricular failure. to exercise soon after an acute phase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its alteration during the chronic phase. 1 INTRODUCTION. 2047487319885458. doi: 10.1177/2047487319885458, Bozi, L. H., Maldonado, I. R., Baldo, M. P., Silva, M. F., Moreira, J. Am. (2002). A cross-sectional study of 65 men (60 ± 6 years) found that lifelong exercise training maintained LV systolic function and probably alleviated or minimized the detrimental effects of LV remodeling after MI in veteran athletes (Maessen et al., 2017). Coll. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Biochem. Although in the last four decades physical training has assumed a major role in health care of coronary artery disease patients, cardiac rehabilitation does not consist exclusively of regular exercising. J. Lifelong (>25 years) exercise may alleviate a sedentary- and aging-induced decrease in systolic longitudinal strain (LS) through improving left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling (Howden et al., 2018). J. Phys. Fizioter. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz205. In addition, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was considered as a beneficial and feasible supplementary therapy in international clinical-based exercise guidelines to MICT (Kim et al., 2015; Taylor et al., 2019). 22, 212–218. A total of 2,812 elderly patients followed on 9 years showed that disability in basic strength and mobility increased the year following being diagnosed with MI (Mendes de Leon et al., 2005). Lack of literature in the rural Indian setting led to the design of this study. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01341.x, North, B. J., and Sinclair, D. A. Cardiol. Renninger et al. Can. (2013) demonstrated that delayed exercise may exert better effects than early exercise. Participation in exercise once a week could lower the risk of cardiovascular death both in women and men. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.246876, Oldridge, N. (2012). Early programmes of high and low intensity exercise and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction. 2.posterior basal breathing exercises. Hemorheol. View all
Worldwide, elderly people have a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI), which is associated with body function aging and a sedentary lifestyle. J. Cardiology 136, 79–89. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.03.005, Song, P. S., Kim, M. J., Jeon, K. H., Lim, S., Park, J. S., Choi, R. K., et al. Med. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03905.x, Matos-Garcia, B. C., Rocco, I. S., Maiorano, L. D., Peixoto, T. C. A., Moreira, R. S. L., Carvalho, A. C. C., et al. Cardioprotective properties of aerobic and resistance training against myocardial infarction. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.044, Blaum, C., Brunner, F. J., Kroger, F., Braetz, J., Lorenz, T., Gossling, A., et al. A., et al. Health-related quality of life, sense of coherence and leisure-time physical activity in women after an acute myocardial infarction. Physical activity (PA) is a crucial preventive measure against CVD (Jefferis et al., 2019), which is recognized as part of occupation, active transportation, leisure, and daily living, such as walking for several minutes in the park and chatting with a friend, and the leg muscles voluntarily contract and the energy expenditure ascends exponentially from baseline levels (Moraes-Silva et al., 2017). Patients with a home-based walking program showed an obvious improvement of functional capacity, increasing their inspiratory muscle endurance (PTHmax) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) in 15 and 60 days following MI (Matos-Garcia et al., 2017). (2012). Physiol., 24 April 2020
Such physical training showed sufficient efficacy in the physical capacity of 197 patients during the early stage of ischemic heart disease, including an increase in the efficiency of cardiac work and work performed volume (+74.3%, p < 0.001) as well as the prolongation of exercise time (+ 31.7%, p < 0.001) (Aronov et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.01.004. doi: 10.1159/000448088, Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., and Hsieh, C. C. (1986). Abete, P., Ferrara, N., Cacciatore, F., Sagnelli, E., Manzi, M., Carnovale, V., et al. J. Med. 38, 268–276. eCollection 2017. J. Prev. (2017). 1865, 728–734. Short-term results of a 5-week comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program after first-time myocardial infarction. 162, 571–584.e2. (2013). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness: implications regarding patient benefit. The cardiac rehabilitation team should provide information, education and advice to both the patient and their families throughout the process. Mc, G. G., Gaze, D., Oxborough, D., O’Driscoll, J., and Shave, R. (2016). These findings suggest that participation in cardiac rehabilitation is a worthwhile intervention that facilitates recovery from myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. This article provides an overview of current recommendations regarding cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after myocardial infarction and its clinical application. 999, 139–153. Mol. 26, 713–722. Sports 21(Suppl. J. J. Circ. (1993). J. Altern. In China, the mortality of acute MI increased 5.6-fold from 1987 to 2014 (Chang et al., 2017). Salzburg skiing for the elderly study: changes in cardiovascular risk factors through skiing in the elderly. J. Physiol. Cardiac rehabilitation based on exercise training and heart failure self-care counseling have each been shown to improve clinical status and clinical outcomes. Med. Williams MA, Ades PA, Hamm LF, Keteyian SJ, LaFontaine TP, Roitman JL, Squires RW. (2013). 23, 730–737. In animal experiment, 3-week swimming training may alleviate acute-MI-caused acute cardiac damage by elevating the early adaptive altering of mitochondrial biogenesis and improving myocardial energy metabolism (Tao et al., 2015). (2019). The main benefits associated with CR are produced by exercise training (Oldridge, 2012; Lewinter et al., 2015; Anderson et al., 2016). Physiol. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2017.08.007, Moraes-Silva, I. C., Rodrigues, B., Coelho-Junior, H. J., Feriani, D. J., and Irigoyen, M. C. (2017). Thus, exercise is an effective supplementary therapy and usually plays a key role in the process of treatment for patients with acute MI. Therefore, daily physical activity is important to MI patients, especially for elderly patients with low levels of physical activity. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6914.1244, Xu, X., Wan, W., Garza, M. A., and Zhang, J. Q. Data sources Studies included in or meeting the entry criteria for the 2016 Cochrane review of exercise-based CR in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin. | Exercise training concerns planned and organized body movement to improve physical capacities; examples include swimming, yoga, aerobic and resistance/strength exercise, and so on (Tulpule and Tulpule, 1980; Ferrera et al., 2014; Moraes-Silva et al., 2017; Ostman et al., 2017). Does total volume of physical activity matter more than pattern for onset of CVD? *Correspondence: Feng Zhang, zjk20019@126.com, Front. Epub 2019 Dec 17. 94, 1718–1730. There is increasing evidence confirming that, when adequately prescribed and supervised, ET after MI can prevent future complications and increase the quality of life and longevity of infarcted patients [4, 5]. Acute myocardial infarction is myocardial necrosis resulting from acute obstruction of a coronary artery. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.019, Adams, V., Reich, B., Uhlemann, M., and Niebauer, J. Mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in China from 1987 to 2014: secular trends and age-period-cohort effects. 21, 75–85. 32, 1–7. Pierleoni P, Pernini L, Belli A, Palma L. Int J Telemed Appl. Sports Med. Geriatr. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1990; 10: 79–87. (2017). Kim et al. Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death of the heart muscle caused by ischaemia, that is lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue.It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3669, Lu, L., Liu, M., Sun, R., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, P. (2015). 227, 229–238. The mean period from acute myocardial infarction to evaluation of outcomes was 18.8 +/- 3.4 mos. Barboza, C. A., Souza, G. I., Oliveira, J. C., Silva, L. M., Mostarda, C. T., Dourado, P. M., et al. Res. Yonsei Med. (2016). Int. (2017). In a randomized control study on patients with MI, both aerobic interval training and usual care rehabilitation increased serum adiponectin, improved endothelial function and QoL, and decreased resting heart rate and serum ferritin; only aerobic interval training, however, increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which could exert benefits for patients (Moholdt et al., 2012). doi: 10.5935/abc.20140093, Greif, H., Kreitler, S., Kaplinsky, E., Behar, S., and Scheinowitz, M. (1995). It covers 10 domains of cardiac risk factor regulation, including weight management, exercise training, patient assessment, and so on (Costantino et al., 2016; Richardson et al., 2019). Following an MI, it is likely […] (2006). (2011). 30, 2–11. Exercise recommendations and precautions post myocardial infarction. Promoting physical activity and exercise: JACC health promotion series. Exp. After 12 weeks of interval training, the VO2 peak had increase from 19.2 ± 5.1 to 21.9 ± 5.6 ml kg–1 min–1 in 31 patients (55.1 ± 8.9 years) with MI in the anterior wall (Santi et al., 2018). (2016). Clinics (Sao Paulo) 68, 549–556. During first days following infarction, rehabilita-tion should be performed under electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.6.535, Lewinter, C., Doherty, P., Gale, C. P., Crouch, S., Stirk, L., Lewin, R. J., et al. Physical activity and exercise are central components in rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction. Chursina, T. V., and Molchanov, A. V. (2006). Swimming is a popular recreational activity and unique exercise form, regarded as an effective exercise to maintain and improve CRF (Lazar et al., 2013). Resistance exercise (RT) with weight training machines, even one time or < 1 h/week, is related to lower risks of CVD and global mortality (Liu et al., 2019). 8, 729–751. Rep. 12, 2374–2382. The improvement of QoL provided by LIT for 11 weeks was similar to HIT during the early stages of acute MI (Worcester et al., 1993). Modifiable lifestyle risk factors and C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease: implications for an anti-inflammatory treatment target population. Clin. In summary, exercise training could improve the physical function and parameters of MI related to aging, indicating that the elderly should adhere to appropriate physical exercise, which is conducive to heart health (as shown in Figure 1). J. Prev. 124, 799–815. (2019b). Long-term low intensity physical exercise attenuates heart failure development in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001464, Hua, L. P., Brown, C. A., Hains, S. J., Godwin, M., and Parlow, J. L. (2009). Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e15277. 11:270. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00270. Prog. This study recruited 3,959 patients with acute myocardial infarction with a median and minimum follow-up of 22 and 6 months. Coll. Sci. Age affects exercise-induced improvements in heart rate response to exercise. 2014;2014:625156. doi: 10.1155/2014/625156. Biol. Rehabil. Circulation 94, 323–330. 13, 798–804. Studies on the effect that exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has on outcomes in MINOCA patients are lacking. MAIN OUTCOME:We expected exercise rehabilitation to affect heart rate variability, exercise tolerance and myocardial ischemia in patients after myocardial infarction with and without arterial hypertension. Heart Circ. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.04.033, Dun, Y., Thomas, R. J., Smith, J. R., Medina-Inojosa, J. R., Squires, R. W., Bonikowske, A. R., et al. Andjic, M., Spiroski, D., Ilic Stojanovic, O., Vidakovic, T., Lazovic, M., Babic, D., et al. J. A method of relaxation for rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Kardiologiia 49, 49–56. In contrast, exercise resulting in Valsalva maneuver-like conditions is not advised. J. Phys. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.03.009, Gorczyca, A. M., Eaton, C. B., LaMonte, M. J., Manson, J. E., Johnston, J. D., Bidulescu, A., et al.
Position paper of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation scientific evidence of the value of cardiac rehabilitation services with emphasis on patients following myocardial infarction: exercise conditioning component. Soc. Background Randomized trials confirm the benefits of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on cardiovascular risk factors. Early exercise training, even short-term exercise, is also a safe and feasible way to improve functional capacity, exercise tolerance, ventricular remodeling, and autonomic nerve balance in post-MI patients. doi: 10.1007/s12013-015-0553-4, Maessen, M. F., Eijsvogels, T. M., Stevens, G., van Dijk, A. P., and Hopman, M. T. (2017). doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2191, Santi, G. L., Moreira, H. T., Carvalho, E. E. V., Crescencio, J. C., Schmidt, A., Marin-Neto, J. EXERCISE-BASED cardiac rehabilitation results in improved exercise capacity and in a reduction in mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) ().Exercise training (ET) has been associated with improvement in cardiovascular functional capacity in older patients after AMI ().Oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO 2peak), a recognized parameter of exercise capacity, is … More intense training and participation in competition should only be considered after a successful, progressive increase in the exercise load. Following acute MI, patients who participated in interval training or MIT for 12 weeks significantly increased their VO2 peak (Santi et al., 2018). In addition, progressive resistance training plus aerobic training was more effective in both strength and fitness than aerobic training alone (Ostman et al., 2017). MIT was helped reduce atrioventricular (AV) block cycle length, AV intervals, sinus cycle length, and ventricular effective refractory period (Kannankeril and Goldberger, 2002); it also led to a significant structural functional improvement of the heart via increasing ejection fraction (7.2%) and LV stroke volume (4.5%) while reducing LV volume (2.5%) and systolic LV volume (8.1%) in individuals with ischemic heart disease (Aronov et al., 2009). Kinesiophobia (fear of movement) is a well-known barrier for a good rehabilitation outcome in these patients; however, there is a lack of studies focusing on the patient perspective. The concept of cardiac rehabilitation following myocardial infarction is not a new one but is now at last gaining acceptance as an essential part of the service to the coronary patient. Clinical evidence for a health benefit from cardiac rehabilitation: an update. Evid. Long-term (4 months) low-intensity training (LIT) mitigated the enhancement of myocardial type I and III collagen and lysyl oxidase gene expression in LV (Pagan et al., 2015). Yoga. Background: The efficacy of interventions in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) assessed by a decrease in inpatient mortality in Poland is very high. 67, 475–487. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.130, Choe, Y., Han, J. Y., Choi, I. S., and Park, H. K. (2018). Int. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Symptoms include chest discomfort with or without dyspnea, nausea, and diaphoresis. Interval training also had a more beneficial effect in improving VO2 peak from 31.6 ± 5.8 to 36.2 ± 8.6ml kg–1 min–1 as compared to the usual care rehabilitation, which was from 32.2 ± 6.7 to 34.7 ± 7.9ml kg–1 min–1 (Moholdt et al., 2012). Coll. Heart failure is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and re-hospitalizations and is highly prevalent in myocardial infarction survivors. The program may include lifestyle advice, exercise, social support, as well as recommendations about driving, flying, sports participation, stress management, and sexual intercourse. Associations of resistance exercise with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. See also the separate Acute Myocardial Infarction Management and … J. Cardiopulm Rehabil. Benefits of lifelong exercise training on left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. According to epidemiological results, aging will become a main risk factors for CVD after the age of 65 (North and Sinclair, 2012). Whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation provides the same favourable effects in real-life cardiac rehabilitation settings, in the modern era of myocardial infarction treatment, is less well known. (2019). Sports Exerc. Biophys. In summary, exercise training effectively promoted cardiac circulation by improving cardiac performance in MI patients. USA.gov. Parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.004. Am. LV end diastolic and systolic volumes had significantly decreased in MI patients after 10 weeks of exercise training (Mc et al., 2016). Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. myocardial infarction (AMI) and its alteration during the chronic phase. This article provides an overview of current recommendations regarding cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after myocardial infarction and its clinical application. J. J. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Cell Biochem. Controlling life risk factors including physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors might be an effective method to reduce global mortality and morbidity in patients with CVD (Fletcher et al., 2018; Blaum et al., 2019; Lavie et al., 2019). BMJ 307, 1244–1247. BMC Public Health. Author information: (1)1 Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland. 2020 Nov 27;20(1):1813. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09940-7. After percutaneous intervention, patients with a 4-week outpatient CR program had obvious improvements in their maximum VO2 peak and METs (Choe et al., 2018). Example of myocardial infarction treatment programme: 1.half lying: relaxation- 5 minutes. However, Batista et al. 52, 364–369. 4.diaphragmatic breathing; 5.high sitting: posture training. Bitzer EM, Klosterhuis H, Dörning H, Rose S. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 72, 1622–1639. Resistance training after myocardial infarction in rats: its role on cardiac and autonomic function. In acute myocardial infarction (MI), patients restore their functions through cardiac rehabilitation. Med. following myocardial infarction; ECG — elecrocardio-graphic; HR — heart rate. Cardiol. J. Phys. In a cohort study, 37 patients (mean age, 66 years) with MI underwent a 5-week CR program, and the results indicated that cardiac rehabilitation improved QoL, exercise capacity, and autonomic modulation (Fallavollita et al., 2016). The impact of exercise-only-based rehabilitation on depression and anxiety in patients after myocardial infarction. J. Physiol. The positive prognostic value of CR was recently reinforced by the CROS study [3] and the Cochrane meta-analysis [4], which unequivocally demonstrated, in the PCI era, a reduction in total … [Bicycle exercise in the free load regimen and hemodynamics in inpatients with ischemic heart disease]. Clinical guideline [CG172] Published date: 13 November 2013. Cardiol. Al’khimovich, V. M., Golubev, V. G., Nizovtsova, L. A., Rudina, M. D., and Rusetskaia, V. G. (1985). Physical activity in patients with acute MI, even at a low intensity, can play an important role in improving health-related QoL (Lovlien et al., 2017). J. Cardiovasc. Eur. Med. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.21, Renninger, M., Lochen, M. L., Ekelund, U., Hopstock, L. A., Jorgensen, L., Mathiesen, E. B., et al. Change in physical activity and sitting time after myocardial infarction and mortality among postmenopausal women in the women’s health initiative-observational study. 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